Global Citizenship Photo Essay by Chloe Skidmore

Chloe Skidmore's beautiful photo essay was on display on the 1st floor of Lake Ontario Hall.

Chloe Skidmore, a senior psychology major and sociology minor, traveled to Guatemala for in the summer of 2007 with LIB 491: Global Citizenship. The goal was to expand individual understandings of the outside world and to define and enact the concepts of global citizenship and solidarity. Chloe dared to open herself up to the heartbreak and hope of the world beyond our doors.

John Parker advocates for Student Senate representation for regional campuses

John Parker, Liberal Studies major, presented to the GVSU Student Senate on 16 October 2008, advocating for Student Senate representation for the Traverse City, Holland, and Muskegon Regional Campuses. The regional campuses, prior to his passionate and articulate plea to the Senate, were without representation.

Text from his full speech follows:


Good evening. My name is John Parker. I am a Liberal Studies major with an emphasis in Political Philosophy and Peace Studies. I am a Junior here at GVSU. I serve on the Executive Board of the Liberal Studies Student Organization as Treasurer and am a member of the Francophiles club. And at 27 years old, I am also very much a non-traditional student.

First, I would like to thank President Trombka for allowing me to speak at this time as my class schedule prohibits me from attending the public comment sessions. I would also like to offer my congratulations to the entire Senate on a very active start to the year.

I transferred to Grand Valley in the summer of 2007 and I spent my first year at the Traverse City Regional Campus. It was because of that experience that I am addressing you here tonight. I have come this fall to the Allendale campus for a variety of courses that were not offered in Traverse City. I was delighted to discover the vibrant student life here and the vigorous Student Senate. I admit I walked through student life night with a slight daze at all of the possibilities.

However, in regards to the organization before me now, there is something missing. There is an absent voice from this Senate. And for the students of the Traverse City, Muskegon and Holland campuses this silence is palpable. Reading the profiles of the Senators online I noticed, if I am not mistaken, and I hope that I am, that not a single Senator currently serving on this Senate represents the students from Traverse City, Muskegon or Holland. Are there any Senators here present that do represent these students? If so, then I stand corrected and I will yield back my time.

If not, then for tonight I will be their voice. This absence violates the Senate Constitution which states: [You], the members of the Grand Valley State University Student Senate, being determined to ensure the conveyance of the student voice to university governing bodies, the administration and the Board of Trustees in matters of institutional policies. Where has this determination been to represent the voices of the Regional campus students? It is claimed that any student may become a senator. Your constitution only stipulates two requirements. First, that the student must be currently enrolled at GVSU in the semester they serve; and second, that they maintain at 2.0 GPA, 2.5 for officers. However, I wonder if the Student Senate application discriminates against non-Allendale and non-Pew campus students? The application inquires if the student can attend General Assembly meetings on Thursdays, commit to two hours per week in the office, and attend a weekly committee meeting. So, while the constitution states that any student may apply, when a student does it becomes obvious that only Allendale or Pew campus students need apply.

But, you may ask, we do not know if these regional students have ever asked for representation. To this I would argue, where in your constitution does it say that a student must ask for representation? Think over your answer to this question carefully. For I am certain that your intentions are to represent the entire student body and not select campus groups. And being full tuition paying students from the regional campuses I know that their needs and voices are unique to their experience of Grand Valley.

But, you may ask, what can we do for students on regional campuses while we are here in Grand Rapids? The benefits are these: first and foremost that the Student Senate will finally live up to its constitution and represent every tuition paying student at Grand Valley State University. Second, by giving a voice to the regional students, this allows the university to grow by offering more opportunities for students at these campuses to create their own student life, and perhaps do so in conjunction with those of us in Grand Rapids. We are about to embark on sustainability week. I say that it would be better if sustainability week were to be on all five campuses. The Student Senate can be the organization that provides unity.

But, you may ask, what about the weekly meetings? What about the time commitments? To this I respond: does the Senate have no telephones? Can they requisition no internet cameras? Are the technological hurdles so great that students could not attend these meetings through teleconferencing or video conferencing over the internet? The technology exists to unite us, it simply needs to be turned on.

Thus, you may imagine my consternation when I read the Student Senate story on the front page of the October 13th issue of the Grand Valley Lanthorn. And I quote, Students can expect to receive optimum representation of their interests at Grand Valley State University within the next three weeks as the Student Senate expands. I say to you all this evening, that unless that expansion includes Senators from each of the Regional campuses, then that statement is an error.

The time to fulfill your obligations is now. Do not let another year go by with tuition paying students having their voices go unheard. You must reach out to these campuses. You must have elections there. You must not let these students log on to Blackboard another semester to see a link for Senate elections that has no nominee that represents their voices, their issues, and their university. You must amend the constitution so that the regional campuses have their right to representation forever protected. You must show the students not only at Grand Valley State University but the entire state of Michigan, that we know a little something about democracy.

I will leave a copy of these notes with you today. I will also be sending copies of these notes to each regional campus, and to the offices of President Haas and the Grand Valley Lanthorn. Also, in this accreditation year, until I see progress on this issue, and until these students have elected their senatorial representation, you can expect to see me here at every General Assembly meeting as representative of these unheard students.

I understand I have given you much to think about. For some of you, you may have never even heard of these campuses before tonight. Others may have known but suffered from the old adage, Out of sight, out of mind. I understand that how I am approaching you is rather intense. But do not misinterpret that intensity as a comment on this Senate. Rather, let this intensity be a signal to you of the magnitude of this situation. There are students who have paid just as much tuition as you and I who are being forgotten, ignored, or possibly both. Now that you know about this, will you act on it? This is an opportunity for you to achieve something that no other Senate has before.

I look forward to working with you on this issue. Thank you again for providing me the time to address you this evening.

Liberal Studies offers path for eclectic learners

See Full Grand Valley Magazine Article (PDF)


Degrees by Design:
Liberal Studies offers path for eclectic learners

by Brian J. Bowe


Annamarie Buller is a busy woman on the Grand Rapids art scene. Her Heartside District loft doubles as an art gallery, and she's a veteran organizer of gallery shows in empty spaces along Division Avenue and Wealthy Street. But her work transcends gallery walls -- she is a volunteer coordinator for the Grand Rapids Symphony, and she has helped distribute economic development grants for her neighborhood.

Buller, 28, is still working on her bachelor's degree at Grand Valley, having spent time in and out of college for the last decade. "I really couldn't fully give over to the undergrad college thing because it feels so isolated from real life and from practical experience. I would take all these classes and get frustrated because we could be applying our knowledge directly in the community," she said.

But Buller has found an intellectual home in Grand Valley's Liberal Studies, where she is a major. That program has allowed to pursue -- and integrate -- her twin passions of art and community organizing. Through a course of study that she designed herself, she has taken art, sociology, philosophy and nonprofit administration classes with a goal of making her a better community organizer -- a field she discovered after working as an Americorps volunteer for the Dwelling Place, a nonprofit organization in Grand Rapids.

"I saw all of these ways that planning and art and community organizing can come together -- getting people from all these different sectors sitting at one table discussing," Buller said. "For example, affordable housing is what Dwelling Place does, but affordable housing needs all sorts of businesses and all different income levels."

Those kinds of connections are what Liberal Studies is all about. It offers a path for returning adult students and students whose interests don't fit neatly into established programs. Graduates from Lib Studies -- as the program is often called -- have found their way to careers in business, law, the arts and academia.

The main feature of the Liberal Studies major is that students design a large part of their program, said Judy Whipps, associate professor of philosophy and the chair of the department. "I tell people that it prepares students more for the real world, because we focus on the applied area. We try to integrate the learning with the student's own life, with their community, and with their future vocation. We stress those integrative skills," she said.

Whipps said the typical Liberal Studies student has tried a couple of majors before coming to her office. "Students actually have a hard time finding us -- there's really no preparation in high school for this kind of program. Nobody says, "I'm going to go to college and major in Liberal Studies," Whipps quipped. "Usually people find us in their junior year -- or sometimes even in between their junior and senior year -- when they become frustrated with trying to figure out where they fit within the academic system."

Whipps said that sense of frustration is common among Liberal Studies students, and it comes from trying to reconcile their interests with the academic system.

"I think it starts with advising, trying to find a way to hear them and their own self-expression," Whipps said. "If students discover themselves in the advising process and realize they've been on a path, just not a traditional path, they light up. We help them see that they've really been following their own interests. They see themselves, and that's a real start for education, because then they are excited about growing that and building on that."

The program has its roots in William James College, one of Grand Valley's cluster colleges of yore, said philosophy professor Stephen Rowe. "William James
College was organized -- as the current Liberal Studies program is -- around themes, topics, issues, instead of around the traditional disciplines," Rowe said. "Liberal Studies essentially has two functions. One is integrative -- to cultivate the citizenly or holistic perspective. The other is to insist on liberal education as a pedagogy rather than a subject matter, which is a distinction that is super, super crucial and very delicate."

The values of liberal education are infused throughout Grand Valley, Rowe said, including in the university's mission statement and the university-wide General Education Program. The Liberal Studies program holds at its core this approach to education that stresses transformation rather than merely information.

"It emphasizes the tradition of liberal education as one of the world's great transformative practices," Rowe said. "All of the great traditions agree, more or less, that the mature human being doesn't just pop out of the natural process; that a second nature needs to be cultivated. For trees and flowers, if you leave them alone, the mature form will just unfold out of the natural process. But for human beings, some intervention is required."

Learning How to Learn
Whipps is not merely head of the department, she is also one of its own success stories. She earned a bachelor's degree in Liberal Studies in 1992, after returning to school in her late 30s.

"I had gone to school at four or five universities, and LIB 100 (Introduction to Liberal Studies) was the first course I took when I came back. It just made all kinds of sense to me. It really changed my life," Whipps said "It opened up my world to suddenly see what I could do and that this is who I was. It became a personal journey. I didn't think of it so much as a job-related thing."

Whipps said she has become personally invested in the Liberal Studies program. "I am pretty passionate about this program -- not just because of my story, but because of what I've seen, how I've seen students come alive to really claim the educational process. It's just such a joy," she said.

One such student was alumna Liz Smith, who dabbled with majors in art and writing as a freshman before switching to Lib Studies. She called that "an intellectual awakening." That awakening didn't just change what Smith learned, it changed how she learned. Before she found the Liberal Studies Department, Smith said: "I felt like I was a passive, immature and uncertain kind of student. I had a low idea of what I was capable of."

That changed with the Liberal Studies program's focus on student engagement. "It's all about engaging and making your education an active pursuit," Smith said. "I'm a very active person, and it gave me an opportunity to engage my own education."

Smith's emphasis looked at cross-cultural perspectives on gender, and her course load included classes in sociology, anthropology, criminal justice, and Women and Gender Studies. She also studied abroad in England as part of her International Relations minor.

After graduating from Grand Valley, Smith joined the Peace Corps, where she served in Senegal. She said her Liberal Studies program prepared her well for the Peace Corps by helping her develop respect for diverse cultures and her commitment to inclusion. "I think the term 'generalist' is sometimes misunderstood, but I believe that Liberal Studies prepared me to be a generalist, but also a very proactive and community-oriented person," she said.

Another Lib Studies alumna, Pennie Johnson, is an attorney working as an associate at Varnum, Riddering, Schmidt and Howlett, LLP. She graduated cum laude from University of Michigan Law School in 2007. She is living proof that a Liberal Studies degree can be the first step on the path to a fruitful career. Like many Liberal Studies students, Johnson's path started off with a false start.

"I was going into journalism when I started, and I took a couple classes and realized it wasn't for me," Johnson said.

She began taking courses in the School of Public and Nonprofit Administration, and she also developed a love for philosophy. Working with Whipps, she created an emphasis in social control, which Johnson described as "a shorthand way of saying I was interested in the way people and the state interact and the way society has interpreted the balance between those two over time and between cultures."

She didn't realize it at the time, but she was engaging in perfect preparation for law school. "Basically all law is that dynamic. I was really interested in this, and I had never even thought about being a lawyer. The program allowed me to engage in that discipline before I even knew I wanted to do it."

Many Paths
For Kelly Halloran, the route to Grand Valley was far more circuitous. She spent time at four other schools in Michigan and Colorado when she wasn't competing as a snowboarder. She soured on her original dream of studying to become an athletic director and majored in international relations, business, and anthropology. At 18, she moved to Colorado all by herself. "That's a huge reality check when you're 1,500 miles away from everybody you know, with no job and no money," she said. "That made me mature a considerable amount."

Along the way, the Lansing-area native traveled a lot, exploring local cultures and communities in places from California to New York, as well as across Mexico, Canada and Europe. "I moved to Grand Rapids on a whim," she said. But once she found her way to the Liberal Studies program, she found her niche.

She worked as an intern at the Van Andel Global Trade Center, where her diverse experience made her an attractive candidate for an internship. "I think Kelly's specific experience prior to coming back and reengaging with her educational path allowed her to explore some opportunities out there," said Sonja Johnson, executive director of the Van Andel Global Trade Center. "It allowed her a lot more creative exploration than she would have had in a traditional program."

After graduating in 2007, Halloran landed a job as an international trade specialist at Haworth, Inc. She focuses on the compliance aspect of importing and exporting around the world. "The sector of international business that I'm in is not really well known by college students," Halloran said. "I learned that aspect of business from my work at the trade center. Sonja really was a great mentor."

Wolfram Hentschel is open about the reason he was first attracted to Lib Studies -- time.
"This is going to sound really bad, but I wanted to get the fastest degree possible because I wanted to get back out into the workforce," he said.

Hentschel came to Grand Valley after spending 21 years in the Army. He already had an associate's degree in Russian Studies from the University of Maryland. "I had the G.I. Bill to help me pay for it, and it was a good time in my life for me to take the time to finish my bachelor's degree," he said.

Hentschel realized that the program would take into account his life experience  including deployments to Bosnia, Kosovo, Egypt, South Korea and Germany  into consideration. "I came here with a lot of experience. They took a lot of my service school and gave me credit for it," he said. "I was able to take what I've learned in life and the skills that I already have and mesh it with academic learning. If I would have gone to another program, I would have to start all over."

Hentschel graduated in April and is now looking for work as a corporate diversity manager -- a position he held for three years in the military.

Because of the introspection required by the program, many who have been through it say it helped them discover their greater purpose in life.

"In high school I was very active in the community, I have always been involved in volunteerism, and I never had confidence nor the platform to pursue an intellectual life. I feel like the Lib Studies program provided the intellectual background for this community outreach work," Smith said. "That was such a gift. That's something that I'm really indebted to Grand Valley for."

Halloran agreed, noting that some consider liberal studies to be a "frivolous degree." She said she found great value in the introspection required by the program. "You spend a considerable amount of time finding yourself and your purpose," she said. "The last year and a half at Grand Valley was by far the most advantageous part of my education."


Lib Studies expands in Holland
The Liberal Studies major is one of the more popular majors that Grand Valley offers in Traverse City, and now the university also offers it on the Meijer Campus in Holland.

For the first time, the full range of Liberal Studies courses are offered in Holland  including the senior seminar capstone class. The expansion of Liberal Studies into Holland is an outgrowth of a partnership with Grand Rapids Community College to expand academic program offerings for the Lakeshore community to help nontraditional students earn degrees. The new initiative is aimed primarily at adults who have already earned some college credits.

"One of our missions is accessibility," said Judy Whipps. "We try to work with people who have alternative backgrounds and different ways of learning and try to figure out how that fits in a traditional academic setting."

GRCC offers general education courses on the Meijer Campus. The partnership takes advantage of existing consortium arrangements to include financial aid, equivalent courses and concurrent enrollment. Whipps said the option of taking courses through GRCC is attractive for returning adult students.

"We're really able to allow students who perhaps couldn't come right back to Grand Valley work with GRCC to renew their skills and finish college," Whipps said.

The program allows students to build on what they have already completed, whether at Grand Valley or any other accredited college or university. It also lets students build a unique degree that suits their own interests. The program offers convenient, flexible, and alternative formats and scheduling options.

Grand Valley has been offering courses in Holland since the 1980s and expanded its Holland offerings when the university's Meijer Campus opened in 1997. Information on the new program is available at the Meijer Holland Campus, 515 Waverly Road, or by
phone at (616) 394-4848.

Living off Local Foods

Imagine living off of food grown only in Northern Michigan. In late summer, the abundance of Michigan produce and local 4-H Livestock sales would provide the major necessities. But in November? Options definitely become more limited. For 12 students in Kate Fairman's Visionary Thinkers class through Grand Valley State University's (GVSU's) Liberal Studies program located in Traverse City, a week spent during November, living off of only Northern Michigan-based food products was an eye-opener.

EAT LOCAL 2007
After attending the Sixth Annual Great Lakes Bioneers Conference held at Northwestern Michigan College, Oct. 19-21, which focused on environmental and social issues, GVSU student Elizabeth Pine and her classmates planned an Eat Local 2007 service project, in which members ate things grown only in Northern Michigan (with a few minor exceptions) for one week.
Rather than buying products that have been shipped halfway around the world, using unnecessary fuel and allowing for a disconnection from our goods, explains Pine, people should buy locally. In doing so, one is supporting one's neighbor, protecting our non-renewable resources and forming a connection with the people and places where goods are produced.
Leelanau County organic vegetable farmer, Marty Heller, the keynote speaker for the Bioneers Conference, spoke to the class and gave tips on the local eating scene.
We had to go out and find local farmers, says Pine. We did research to find out which bread used which grain, which was most local.

LOCAL COMMUNITY OFFERS SUPPORT
Community support was incredible, admits Pine, who reveals that Oryana Natural Foods Market, Folgarelli's, Pleasanton Brick Oven Bakery and Higher Grounds Coffee (as coffee is not grown locally, a compromise was made to only buy fair trade yet locally roasted beans) gave the students great discounts. A butter-making party using Shelters Dairy, a visit to and some garlic jelly from Red Trillium Farm, and a trip to Black Star Farms where Pine was able to pick fresh spinach at the farmers market rounded out the Eat Local 2007 experience.
We bought lamb and eggs, says Pine. We were able to meet the farmers and get recipes.

NO MORE JUNK FOOD
Giving up Coke, Doritos, salt and peanut butter was the most difficult, but the agricultural diversity in Northern Michigan - including plenty of local beer and wine - was helpful.
It was really interesting to see what was already going on in Northern Michigan to support the local economy, says Pine, who noted how Black Star Farms buys local milk to make their handmade cheese and pays higher prices for local fruit to make brandy. What was really rewarding was the connection we made - you could name the farmer and put a face to (the item we were eating).
We live in an amazingly diverse agricultural area that so many of us did not take advantage of until this project, continues Pine. What's more, all of us have had fun, actually taking the time to cook - even making our own butter - trying and sharing new recipes, sitting down with friends and family and telling them exactly from who and where our food was grown. It made me realize that this little project and continuing to eat locally has a far-reaching impact beyond just my kitchen, she says. I feel a connection to my food and my community that brings consciousness and gratitude to our table. Believe it or not, that actually makes our meals taste better!

ACTIVE LEARNING FOR LIBERAL ED
Since fall of 2001, GVSU's Liberal Studies bachelor's degree program has been helping area students develop skills most relevant to life and their future professions, and service projects such as the Eat Local 2007 experience are a significant part of the process.

Most of our classes employ active learning methods rather than depending on the traditional lecture/exam format, says Gilda Povolo, distance coordinator for Traverse City's Liberal Studies department. We place a strong emphasis on learning through service to our communities.
With many GVSU service learning projects from other classes also taking place this fall around Traverse City, here are some of the highlights:

THIRD LEVEL'S TRANSITIONAL LIVING
Josh Havens, Barbara Burch, Kasey Klein and Elizabeth Pine worked with staff at Third Level Crisis Intervention Center on its new Transitional Living Program for their GVSU Management 345 service learning project. A grant written by Third Level Youth Services Manager Norvilla Bennett was the third of three federal grants responsible for keeping Third Level's free youth programs running.
That grant actually is a grant responsible in financing a 16-month program for ages 16-21 on transitional skills, says Bennett. We're anticipating working with 50 youths in the first year. The goal is to get youths at any stage stable emotionally, financially and eventually, independently.
GVSU students generated a list of landlords willing to work with the crisis center to provide housing for at-risk young adults, and gathered furniture and other apartment comforts, including a bed. More stuff was donated than needed for one apartment, so the potential to help more than one person is there.
We're still donating stuff to the program, says Havens. They'll have stuff ready to go.
Although the students' final goal of getting a young adult in a furnished apartment wasn't completed on the short timeline the students had, the students were successful in many of their project's goals.
We wanted to create awareness about that program, says Havens. We were not able to get someone in, but we learned about working on a team, accomplishing goals and working with a non-profit. It's cool to be part of that.
Bennett anticipates one of six candidates in the running for the apartment will qualify within the next six to eight weeks and will benefit from all of the donations raised by the group.
This group was successful beyond their wildest dreams, says Bennett. I am so pleased with the work that they've done.

CARPOOLING IS COOL
With two liberal studies and two education students making up this GVSU management class team, brainstorming led the group to combine both disciplines to help the school and the environment.
Our project was the carpool competition, explains GVSU student Candice Whiting, who teamed with Amber Lockhart, Kathy Meyers and Winter Kyvik.
For the winner of the schools, our team fund-raised a cash prize of $500; that cash price is to be used for an environmentally friendly project in the school.
The winning school was Traverse City Central High School with 683 carpoolers. Traverse City West High School had 415.
The excitement of the participating students was a major plus for the team, as some even decorated their cars for the competition. In addition to the main competition, the team also organized a school supply donation for an area elementary school, by making cold-calls for donations from anyone willing
to help.
I learned so much about organization and improvising, says Whiting, and to be as flexible as possible when things fall through. We received a lot of support from the community.

TOURNAMENT AT BOYS & GIRLS CLUB
Needing increased membership, the Boys & Girls Club of Traverse City and new director Pat Lewellan welcomed the help of GVSU students Amy Round, Sam Park, Jackie Abeyta and Noah Creamer in setting up a table tennis tournament at the facility in the hopes of enticing new members.
We wanted to help the organization get the biggest bang for the buck, says Creamer, explaining how the club just got re-initiated in the area and needed lots of new recruits to meet goals of the national organization.
GVSU students collected prizes from area businesses willing to help sponsor the event and offered a grand prize of $100. With 35 players taking part in the competition, the top four competitors received prizes, but no child left the event without a gift.
Good sportsmanship was evident and the students were happy with the turnout. The kids were absolutely great, says Creamer, who plans to be a professor in the social sciences. Polite, friendly and very motivated to win the cash prize.

IS LIBERAL STUDIES FOR YOU?
With small class sizes and the ability to design their own emphasis area, GVSU Liberal Studies students develop skills like creative and critical thinking and responsibility to their community. Most classes are taught by local instructors, supplemented by teachers from Allendale when needed. With classes ranging from The Idea of Nature to Social Class Inequality to Leadership Dynamics, the impact of a Liberal Studies education is far-reaching.
Our students are working at educational institutions in student activities and support, says Povolo. (They) are social workers, probation officers, employment counselors, environmental activists, librarians, managers at wineries. Others use the degree as preparation for advanced degrees to become lawyers, educators, counselors, social workers, professors, and public policy.
Pine, a true believer in liberal education whose main interest is Peace Studies, agrees: People don't get a job and stay in it and retire - most people stay six to eight years then switch. A degree like this leaves you open; it's a much broader education. I've been enrolled in four different universities here, and in Germany and Switzerland, and [GVSU's Liberal Studies Program] is just one of the best programs I've been involved in.

For an information packet about GVSU's Liberal Studies program, please call 231-995-1785, or to set up an appointment to discuss the program, call Gilda Povolo, distance coordinator, at 231-995-1878

by Carina Hume
From Northern Express, Northern Michigan's largest newsweekly (northernexpress.com)

Milt Ford - Liberal Studies Department 2007 Student Award for Faculty Excellence

The SAFE award is given annually through nomination and selection by the student senate. Awarded at the President's Ball, it is given to a faculty member identified for his or her outstanding contribution to the students. Milt Ford, Professor of English and member of the Liberal Studies Department, came to GVSU in 1973 and was one the first professors hired into "college IV". He is the faculty advisor for the student organization Out-n-About, Grand Valley's gay-straight alliance. He is the community's liaison for the GLBT resource center, and played a major role in the culmination of the Families of GVSU project currently displayed in the Kirkhof Student Center. The College of Interdisciplinary Studies is proud to have Milt as part of the dynamic, caring and innovative faculty within CoIS. Congratulations, Milt!

Whipps Receives Mellow Prize

Judy Whipps, chair of the Department of Liberal Studies and associate professor of philosophy, was awarded the Ila and John Mellow Prize from the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy. The announcement was made at the recent SAAP annual meeting at Michigan State University.

The award recognizes excellence in advancing the American philosophical tradition toward the resolution of current personal, social and political problems. The prize was awarded to Whipps for her paper, "Learn to Earn: A Pragmatist Response to Contemporary Dialogues about Industrial Education."

Whipps said her paper draws from previous theories in a contemporary context.

While extolling the virtues of bringing the texts and methods of the liberal arts into dialogue with one's vocation, caution should be exercised not to merely educate workers to become trapped in lower economic classes. Her paper promoted education and vocation together to enhance personal meaning, enrich and support democracy and promote equality between the economic classes.

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